SUBJECT :
GEOGRAPHY
TOPIC : POPULATION
OF EAST AFRICA
SUB-TOPIC : 1)
Population Concepts
2)
Factors which influence
population distribution in East Africa
3)
Effects of the population distribution on the environment
CLASS : Senior Three
CLASS
SIZE : 60
TIME
REQUIRED: 160 – 240 minutes (i.e. 4 – 6 lessons)
Brief
description
This unit
addresses the concepts of population; factors that influence
population density, population distribution and how these affect the
environment of East Africa.
Main Content
and Concepts to Emphasise
-
Meaning
of population concepts in the following terms;
- Population
- Population size
- Population census
- Population distribution
- Population density
- Under population
- Over population
- Optimum population
- Population pyramid
- A Map of East
Africa showing population distribution.
- Factors which
influence population distribution e.g. physical and human factors.
- Case study: - Highland areas, the Lake Victoria region, urban areas and arid areas.
- The
positive and negative effects of population distribution on the
environment
- Solutions
to the problems that affect the environment.
Learning
Objectives
By the end of the
topic students should be able to;
- Define the concepts related to population.
- State the importance of collecting information and data on human population.
- Study and interpret the population statistical data.
- Develop skills of how to collect and interpret data.
- Explain the factors that influence population distribution or density in East Africa.
- Identify the problems associated with certain patterns of population distribution.
- Suggest possible solutions to the problems brought about by the different population patterns.
Teaching and Learning materials
Text books
Statistics
Graphs
Diagrams
Photographs
Case studies
Job
related life skills
By
the end of this topic, learners are expected to have acquired the
following Job Mart related Skills:
- Personal attributes – self confidence, time management, creativity/imaginative, recording skills, enthusiasm, imagination, seek advice and self awareness.
- Communication – observation & listening skills, reporting in writing, ability to read and know how to apply general and specialised vocabulary.
- Team work – task oriented leadership skills, group work and decision making.
- Problem solving - information seeking, environmental protection & conservation, seeking for information (research).
- Application of number – ability to work with and present numerical data and using appropriate intermediate calculations (as they try to find out/calculate the population sizes of different areas, birth rates, death rates, fertility rate, infant mortality rate, population growth rate and or try to compare population sizes of various places and years).
- Information Skills – ability to identify needs, observe and collect evidence and present findings appropriately using graphs, sketch maps, pictures and reports
MAIN
CONCEPTS
- POPULATION SIZE
TABLE
1A SHOWS THE POPULATION SIZE OF EACH EAST AFRICAN COUNTRY
|
COUNTRY
|
POPULATION
(Est.2008)
|
|
Uganda
|
31,367,972
|
|
Kenya
|
37,958,838
|
|
Tanzania
|
40,213,612
|
|
Total
|
109,540,422
|
Population size
refers to the number of people living in the place at a particular
time.
2) POPULATION DENSITY
Population density
describes the number of people per square kilometre of land area.
It is calculated
as;
PD
= POPULATION
(P)
AREA (A)
ACTIVITY
1 Warm up / Brain Storming
Task
the learners to brainstorm on the following
terms
- Population
- Population census
- Population distribution
- Population density
- Under population
- Over population
- Birth rate
- Growth rate
- Death rate
TABLE
1 B: POPULATION DENSITY OF EAST AFRICAN COUNTRIES
|
Country
|
Total
area km2
|
Total
Population 2008
|
Population
density
|
|
Uganda
|
244,400
|
31,367,972
|
?
|
|
Kenya
|
585,000
|
37,958,838
|
?
|
|
Tanzania
|
943,000
|
40,212,612
|
?
|
|
Total
|
1772,400
|
?
|
?
|
Source:
Population Reference bureau (2006)
ACTIVITY
2
In
groups of 5 – 8, study the Table 1B above and answer the following
questions
- Which of East African country has the;
- Largest population
- Least population
- Calculate the population size of East Africa
- How is high population an advantage to any one country of East Africa?
- What are disadvantages of high population size to any one country of east Africa?
- To which extent may low population be of advantage to your country?
ACTIVITY
3
Given
the formula:
Population
Density
= Total
Population
Area
- Use Table 1b above to calculate the population density of
- Uganda
- Kenya
- Tanzania
- Which of the three countries has the
- Lowest population density?
- Highest population density?
- What could be the major cause of the differences in the population densities?
ACTIVITY
4
Study
the sketch map below showing the population distribution of East
Africa and answer the following questions.
This
would also be considered a group task
- Using the sketch map provided above, which areas of East Africa are:
- Densely populated
- Sparsely populated
- Why do you think that these areas are;
- Densely populated?
- Sparsely populated?
- What challenges do the people living in the mentioned areas in question (b) above face?
- Suppose you are a population officer, suggest ways in which you would overcome those challenges.
ACTIVITY
5
Study
Table 2 below showing population figures in Uganda between 1990 –2001
and answer the questions below.
-
YEARPOPULATION (000)
- -1991
16.0001992 - 199316.5001994 - 199517,0001996 - 199718,0001998 - 199919,5002000 - 200123,000
(i)
Draw a line graph to show the above information.
(ii)
Describe the trend of population growth in Uganda between 1990 to
2001.
(iii)
State the causes for the increase in population between 1990 –2001.
BIRTH
RATE
Birth
rate indicates the number of births per one thousand people in a
given area,
BR
=
Number
of birth
X
1000
Total population
ACTIVITY 6 Field Study
You may organise the learners into groups of 5-8 and ask them to visit 3 neighbouring homesteads (families) of their choice near their school, to find out the following;
- How many family members are there in each homestead?
- What is the size of the homestead?
- What is the occupation of the family head?
- How many biological children (offsprings) are there in each homesteads?
- What are the age groups of these children? (i.e. 0 – 4, 5 – 10 and above years)?
- How many non-biological children are there in each homestead?
- Do these families use family planning methods?
- If YES, what are its effects?
- If NO, why?
- About how many girls in each family give birth after marriage?
- On average, how many girls give birth before their 19th birthday?
- What is the importance of a large family?
- Why do you think a large family may not be good?
NOTE
Ensure that
learners take notes of their findings, and each group should have a
chairman to take up the leadership role and a secretary who would be
recording the findings.
Each group in a
form of guided discussion with the teacher would make a presentation
to their classmates.
FERTILITY
RATE
It refers to the
average number of children a woman can bear in the production period
normally between 15 – 45 years of age.
FR
= Total
number of children born
X
1000
Total number of women in reproduction age
DEATH
RATE
ACTIVITY
7 Brain Storming
- What is death rate?
- What causes a high death rate?
- How can death rate be controlled in East Africa?
This is the number
of people that die in a year per thousand of total population.
DR
= Number
of death
X
1000
Total
population
The death rate in
East Africa has been minimised through the fight against the killer
diseases in children. This has been realised through the programme of
immunisation.
The death rate
(crude death rate) is generally high in East Africa. It ranges
between 10-15. This means that there are about 10-15 people who die
from a sample of 1000 people.
INFANT
MORTALITY RATE
Infant mortality
rate refers to death of children under the age of one year per 1000
births. It is measured as follows:
IMR
=
Number of death of children under one year
x
1000
Live birth per
year
In
East Africa infant mortality has been controlled through the
programme of immunisation.
ACTIVITY
8
Ask
learners
to visit a nearby hospital or, invite a resource person (medical
personnel) to your class to make a presentation about the following;
- What is infant mortality?
- What are the causes of infant mortality? (Emphasise the six killer diseases for infants)
- What measures have been taken to control infant mortality in your home area?
- What is antenatal care and why is it important for expecting mothers?
- What is immunisation and why is it important?
- How would we encourage the community to respond to it?
- Suppose you are a medical officer, how would you advise the community about the importance of child health care?
NOTE
Ensure that
learners note down the pertinent issues raised by the resource
person, and freely interact with him/her in form of question and
answer.
CAUSES OF INFANT DEATHS
- Infectious diseases for example pneumonia, tetanus and polio.
- Domestic violence.
- Infanticide; the deliberate killing of infants is extremely difficult to document.
POPULATION
GROWTH RATE
Population
Growth rate refers to the rate at which population changes by
increasing in size. It is calculated as Birth
rate – Death rate divide by 1000 X 100. Birth
rate should always be higher than death rate in order for a
population to increase.
Population
growth rate (PGR) = Birth
rate – Death rate X
100
1000
For example,
assessing the birth rate of Tanzania to be 48% per annum and its
death rate 12% per annum, calculate the population growth rate?
PGR = 48
– 12
X
100 = 3.6%
1000
FACTORS
WHICH LEAD TO HIGH POPULATION GROWTH RATE IN EAST AFRICA
- Early marriages
- High fertility rates
- Polygamy
- Low levels of education
- Lack of family planning facilities
- Excessive birth rates over death rate
- Declining death rate due to improved medical facilities
- Rural – urban population
- The value the parents attach to their children
- Level of income
POPULATION
CHANGE
Refers
to a situation where population can either increase or decrease.
CENSUS
ACTIVITY
9
- What is population census?
- Have you ever participated in population census?
- If so, what questions were you asked?
- What is the importance of carrying out a population census?
- What are the attitudes of people towards population census exercises?
Census
is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording
information about the members of a given population. It is a
regularly occurring and official counting of a particular population.
POPULATION
CENSUS
This is the
counting of people in a given area.
THE
IMPORTANCE OF CARRYING OUT CENSUS
To establish the
number of people in the country in terms of Age, Sex distribution,
level of education and standards of living.
To enable the
government distribute the resources according to the prevailing
population in the area. I.e. government plans on how to adequately
allocate the resources.
To find out the
relationship between the prevailing population and their conditions
of living for example housing facilities, levels of income, levels of
employment.
To help the
government design a sound policy on population; in terms of birth
rates, migration and distribution of resources.
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR CARRYING OUT A POPULATION CENSUS
- Age
- Sex
- Level of education
- Occupation
- Standards of living
- Mode of transport
- Etc.
LIFE
EXPECTANCY
Life expectancy is
the average age at which people die. Life expectancy is very low in
the developing countries and high in the developed countries.
- OPTIMUM POPULATION
Optimum
population refers to a situation where the number of people is in
balance with the available resources. This means that;
- Optimum conditions can only be maintained if the exploitation of new resources and development of employment opportunities keeps at pace with the increasing rate of population.
- The size, distribution and structure of the population within a country must be viewed in relation to its natural resources.
- If the country’s resources are not adequately supporting its population, then people are likely to be poor, dependant and hungry. A higher rate of unemployment is also an indicator.
Where a country
has gone beyond the optimum population level, there is likely to be a
problem of over population.
OVER
POPULATION
Overpopulation
refers to a situation where a country’s resources are not adequate
to provide the necessary means of survival to its people. The
resources are over utilised in order for the people to survive.
POPULATION
MIGRATION
In
East Africa people are always moving from time to time. This affects
the nature of the population distribution. There are a number of
factors why people migrate. These include;
- Economic reasons
- Political reasons
- Cultural reasons
- Social reasons
Migration can be
for a short or long time. It can be internal, external or
international.
REASONS
FOR MIGRATION
- Unemployed people move from the rural to the urban centres in search for employment opportunities.
- Cultivators migrate in search of good land for farming (agricultural) purpose.
- Traders move in search of trade opportunities.
- In northern Uganda people are frequently moving because of political instabilities.
FACTORS
WHICH INFLUENCE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN EAST AFRICA
Population
distribution in an area is influenced by a number of factors. These
include physical, human and biotic factors;
The physical
factors that influence population distribution are:
- Favourable climate
- Fertile soils
- Favourable relief
- Nature of vegetation
- Availability of water
- Existence of mineral resources
- Pests and diseases
Human factors
which influence population distribution include:
- Development of urban areas (growth of town)
- Historical factors
- Improved transport network
- Mining activities
- Slave trade
- Farming
- Establishment of industries
- Influence of government policy
- Influence of modern technology
In East Africa,
the most densely populated regions are:
- The lakeshore regions of Victoria (Buganda, Busoga , Nyanza province , Mwanza and Bukoba)
- The Highland areas (Kigezi , Kenya Highlands ,Elgon slopes and Rwenzori area)
- Leading urban environment (Kampala , Nairobi ,Dar es salaam , Mombasa, Kisumu ,Nakuru , Eldoret ,Dodoma ,Masaka ,Jinja ,Mbarara and Kabale)
- The coastal areas of East Africa especially around the major towns like Dar es Salaam, Tanga, Mombasa and Malindi.
- The islands of Zanzibar and Pemba.
In East Africa,
regions which are most sparsely populated are:
- North East Kenya.
- North western Kenya or Turkana.
- Central Tanzania (Miombo woodland).
- North Eastern Uganda (Karamonja).
- Ankole –Masaka corridor.
- Northern Uganda (Kitgum ,Pader district).
- Western Kenya.
The moderately
populated areas of East Africa are:
- Western Uganda
- West Nile region of Uganda
- South east Tanzania
- Southern Tanzania
ACTIVITY
10
Invite a resource
person (Population officer) to make a presentation to the class on
“The challenges of densely populated areas in East Africa (Uganda)
and the opportunities embedded in such challenges.”
NOTE
Ensure that this
discussion is interactive and the learners should take notes of key
issues.
FACTORS
WHICH FAVOUR DENSE POPULATION IN AN AREA
- Favourable Climate; Areas which are densely populated tend to receive reliable heavy rainfall which is distributed throughout the year. Heavy rainfall total supports the growing of crops.
- These regions have fertile loam, alluvial and volcanic soils especially around Lake Victoria and the highland areas such as Kigezi, mountain Elgon and on the slopes of Kilimanjaro.
- A good transport network serves the region. This facilitates large-scale population mobility and marketing of agricultural produce.
- Urban development; these areas offer well developed and improved social facilities like clean water, electricity, better housing and a number of recreational facilities. Towns also offer better paying jobs that attract the youth.
- Security; Areas free from political instability and theft tend to have a dense population.
- The relief of an area influences population settlement. People will settle on gently sloping land for easy construction and avoid low-lying areas which can easily be flooded and steep/rugged terrain because they are inaccessible.
- Diseases and pests: There is a population increase in areas without pests and diseases e.g. the Kenya highlands and avoid low lying areas which can be easily flooded and steep / rugged terrains, because they are inaccessible.
WAYS OF
REDUCING THE POPULATION GROWTH RATE IN EAST AFRICA
- Use of birth control methods
- Education
FACTORS
THAT HAVE LED TO SPARSE POPULATION
- Occurrence of pests and diseases e.g. Tsetse flies in Ssese islands, miobo woodland etc.
- Low and unreliable rainfall in North Eastern Kenya, North Eastern Uganda and Central Tanzania cannot support agriculture and can only attract a very small population particularly pastoralists.
- Absence of economic factors like industries.
- The government has gazetted certain areas such as forests and game reserves. In such areas it is illegal to settle there. These include Kidepo valley and Serengeti national parks. It is also illegal to settle in forests like Mabira, Budongo,Lugari, Nyeri, Kitare etc.
- Infertile soils which cannot support agriculture
- Historical factors including slave trade and kingdom wars also created areas of sparse population. Slave raids depopulated Central Tanzania and the highlands of Southern Tanzania. In Uganda, Mubende was a battle ground between Bunyoro and Buganda kingdoms and therefore depopulated.
- Poor drainage regions such as Northern Kenya and North Eastern Uganda cannot support agriculture and are therefore abandoned. In such areas ground water is scarce. On the other hand, areas that are water logged such as swamps are also avoided. The Mangroove swamps along the coast were avoided because these areas are salty and agriculturally unproductive. Besides they form breeding grounds for mosquitoes which transmit malaria.
- Remoteness due to a poor transport and communication network.
- Political instability.
ACTIVITY
11
Ask learners to
carry out fieldwork within the school on the population in the
school.
Objective
This
activity is aimed at finding out:
- The gender of the students in each class.
- The number of teaching and non teaching staff in the school
- The gender of the teaching and non-teaching staff.
- The age of the learners in school.
Learners will be
divided into groups to carry out data collection.
- There will be a follow up where each group presents its findings.
- Learners will then be asked to write a report about their findings.
WORKED
OUT EXAMPLES
1. Table 3 below
shows population figures in Uganda between1990 to 2001.
|
YEAR
|
POPULATION
|
|
1990
|
16,000
|
|
1992
|
16500
|
|
1994
|
17,000
|
|
1996
|
18,000
|
|
1998
|
19,000
|
|
2001
|
23,000
|
|
|
|
(a) Draw a line
graph to show the above information.
(b) Describe the
trend of population growth in the table.
(c) Explain the
causes of an increase in the population.
ANSWERS
(a)
A LINE GRAPH SHOWING POPULATION IN UGANDA BETWEEN 1990 and 2001
(b) The population
of Uganda increased steadily from 16,000 in 1990 to 23,000 people in
2001.
(c) The causes of
population increase in an area;
- An increase in birth rate.
- A decrease in the death rate.
- A decrease in infant mortality rate.
- Improvement in the health services.
- An increase in the number of immigrants and refugees.
- Reduction in wars.
- A decrease in the number of immigrants.
SAMPLE
QUESTION 2
(a) Draw a
sketch map of East Africa and on it mark and name three areas with:
- High population density.
- Low population density.
(b) Explain the
factors which have led to:
- High population density.
- Low population density in the areas named in (a) (i) and (ii) above.
(c) Identify the
problems facing the people living in:
- Densely populated area.
- Sparsely populated areas of East Africa.
(d) Outline the
steps being taken to solve the problem identified in (c) above.
ANSWERS:
2(a)
SKETCH MAP
i) Areas with
high population density include:
- Shores of Lake Victoria.
- Kigezi highlands.
- Kenya highlands.
- Foothills of Kilimanjaro.
(ii) Areas with
low population density include:-
- Ankole- Masaka corridor
- North Eastern Uganda (Moroto, Kotido).
- Central Tanzania.
- Rift valley region.
- Northern Kenya.
- Reserved regions (National parks, forests).
2(b) (i) The
factors which have led to high population density are:
- Employment opportunities in towns like Kampala, Nairobi, Tororo.
- Mining activities e.g. at Shinyanga, Tororo, Mwadui, Hoima.
- Heavy rainfall which attract farmers.
- Gentle slopes which favour settlement.
- Fertile soils suitable for agriculture.
- Well-drained soils.
- Polygamy.
- Early marriages.
- Security.
- Low incidence of pests & diseases.
- Urbanisation e.g. along the shores of Lake Victoria.
(iii) Factors
which have led to low population density include:
- Government policies that restrict settlement in gazetted areas like parks.
- Unreliable rainfall in North Eastern Uganda.
- Pests and Diseases e.g. tsetse flies in central Tanzania.
- Effects of slave trade e.g. along E. African coast and central Tanzania.
- Infertile soil that cannot support agriculture.
- Political instabilities.
- Remoteness due to poor transport & communication.
- Limited underground water e.g in Northern Kenya.
(c) (i) Problems
facing people living in densely populated areas:
- Shortage of land.
- Easy spread of diseases due to congestion.
- Soil erosion.
- Land degradation due to over cultivation.
- Decline in food / agricultural productivity.
- High crime rate e.g. robbery.
- Strain on social services like hospitals, schools, roads, and electricity.
- Unemployment.
- Encroachment on forests and wetlands.
- Water and air pollution.
(iii) Problems
facing people living in sparsely populated areas of East Africa
- Limited supply of labour.
- Limited market for the agricultural goods.
- Limited social infrastructure like roads, schools, hospital.
- Food shortage due to low agricultural productivity.
- Pests and diseases e.g. tsetse flies.
- Cattle rustling amongst pastoralists.
- Land degradation due to over grazing.
(d) (i) Steps that
can be taken to solve the problems in densely populated areas are:-
- Land consolidation.
- Family planning control measures.
- Soil conservation measures like terraces, mulching practised.
- Evacuation of people from densely populated areas to resettlement schemes.
- More social services like schools have been set up.
- The masses have been sensitised about the dangers of a big population.
- Strict laws have been set to control crime rates.
- Housing schemes have been set up in towns like Kampala, Nairobi.
(ii) Steps
taken to solve the problems in sparsely populated areas.
- Valley dams and boreholes have been constructed to provide water.
- Social services have been extended to sparsely populated areas.
- Some sparsely populated areas have been gazetted into game parks.
- Scientific methods of farming have been adopted e.g. ranching
- Social services have been extended to sparsely populated areas such as education, health and recreation.
SAMPLE QUESTION 3
Study Table 4 and
answer the questions that follow
Table showing population density in selected districts in Uganda
|
DISTRICTS
|
TOTAL
LAND
AREA
(KM)
|
POPULATION
(000)
|
POPULATION
DENSITY
|
|
Mbale
|
2504
|
706.6
|
……….
|
|
Kotido
|
13,208
|
190.7
|
140.0
|
|
Kabale
|
1653
|
412.8
|
250.0
|
|
Rakai
|
3889
|
382.2
|
98.0
|
|
Gulu
|
11,560
|
338.7
|
……….
|
(a) (i) Calculate
the population density:
-
Mbale
-
Gulu
(ii) Which
district has the highest population density?
(iii) Which
district has the lowest population density?
(b) State the
factors responsible for the difference in population densities of
Kabale and Rakai district.
(c) (i) Giving
examples from East Africa, give the effects of high population
density on the environment.
(ii) State three
measures to ease the environmental problems in areas of high
population density.
ANSWERS
2
a) (i) Mbale = 282.1 per km2
(ii)
Gulu = 293.0 per Km2
(ii) District with
highest population density is Kabale district.
(iii) District
with lowest population density is Kotido district.
b) Factors
responsible for the differences in population density between Kabale
and Rakai districts.
- Kabale has more social services like hospitals and schools than Rakai.
- Kabale has more fertile soils (volcanic) for agriculture than in Rakai.
- There are more employment opportunities in Kabale than in Rakai.
- Kabale has a high birth rate than Rakai.
- Kabale receives more rainfall than Rakai which favours agriculture.
- Aids has reduced the population of Rakai compared to Kabale.
c) (i) The effects
of high population density on the environment include;
- Deforestation e.g. at Kabale and Mabira forest.
- Swamp reclamation e.g. Nakawa, Bwaise and Nalukolongo in Kampala.
- Development of slums e.g. Kisenyi in Kampala.
- Over use of soil leading to land degradation e.g. in Kabale.
- Pollution of water bodies and air industrial smoke.
- Congestion leading to the spread of diseases like cholera.
ii) Measures taken
to solve the above environmental problems include:
- Eviction of encroachers from forest and wetland areas.
- Public awareness campaigns
- Population control methods i.e. family planning
- Establishment of resettlement schemes.
References:
- Young and Lowry (1985): A course in world geography, physical Regional and Human Geography of East – Africa.
- Byamugisha Bweebare (2008): Physical and Human Geography of East Africa.
SAMPLE
SCHEME OF WORK
SUBJECT:
GEOGRAPHY
NAME
OF
TEACHER………………………………………………….................................SCHOOL……..........................……………………………..
TERM…………....…
CLASS…….....…… NO. OF PERIODS PER
WEEK…………...………YEAR………........ NO. OF
STUDENTS.....................
|
WEEK
|
PERIOD
|
TOPIC
|
SUB-TOPIC
|
OBJECTIVES
|
CONTENT
|
ACTIVITIES
|
REFERENCE
|
REMARKS
|
|
1
|
4
|
Population
in East Africa
“
|
Population
size and
related
terms
|
By
the end of the topic, learners should be able to explain:-
i.
Explain the
concept of population.
ii.
The factors
influencing population distribution in East Africa.
iii.
The impact of population on the environment in East Africa.
|
The
different terms of Population; -
-
Meaning of the concept, Population size.
-
Population distribution.
-
Population density.
-
Under population Overpopulation.
-
Optimum population
-
Population pyramid.
-
Population census
|
-
Brainstorming
-
Discussions
-
Demonstrations
-
Field work
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Population
distribution in East Africa
|
By
the end of this sub-topic, -
-
Describe the factors influencing population distribution
|
i.
Physical factors e.g.
ii.
Human factors e.g.
iii.
Government policy.
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
4
|
“
“
|
Effects
of population distribution in East Africa
|
By
the end of this sub-topic, learners should be able to:-
-
Explain the effects
of population
distribution (dense and sparse ) and suggest solutions to the
problems
|
i.
Distribution
of industries
ii.
Migration
iii.
Historical factors
iv.
Improvement of Transport
v.
Effects of a Dense
Population
e.g.
-
Labour force
-
Market
-
High source of revenue for government.
vi.
Negative Effects e.g.
-
Over exploitation of
resources
-
Over crowding
-
Unemployment
-
High crime rate
-
Rapid spread of diseases.
-
Pressure
on social services.
vii.
Positive effects of Sparse
Population
e.g.
-
Minimal environment
degradation
-
Low levels of utilization of resources.
viii.
Negative Effects e.g.
-
Inadequate market
-
Low levels of investment
-
Low level of infrastructure development
-
Inadequate labour.
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GEOGRAPHY
SAMPLE
LESSON PLAN
|
DATE
|
CLASS
|
SUBJECT
|
NO.
OF STUDENTS
|
DURATION
|
TIME
|
|
…../…./…..
|
S.3
|
GEOGRAPHY
|
60
|
80
MINS
|
8.00-9.20
am
|
TOPIC :
POPULATION OF EAST AFRICA
SUB
– TOPIC : -
Population Concepts
- Population density
- Population distribution
- Factors affecting population density / distribution
- Problems and solutions associated with population.
Objectives By
the end of this lesson, learners should be able to:
- Define population and its different concepts.
- Give reasons for the various population distribution patterns in East Africa.
- Explain the effects of the various population distribution patterns in East Africa.
Content
Describe
population related terms
- Population size
- Population growth, birth rate
- Fertility rate, death rate, infant mortality and structure
- Population census
Teaching
Aids
• Secondary
school Atlas (pg. 19)
• Population
maps
• Text
books (Young and Lowry)
•
Thumb
pins
• Wall
maps
• Photographs
Methods
- Discussion
- Questions leading to discovery
- Demonstration
References
|
TIME
|
STEP
|
CONTENT
|
TEACHER’S
ACTIVITY
|
LEARNERS’
ACTIVITY
|
|
10
minutes
|
1
|
Introduction
Greetings
Roll
call
Warm
up exercise
Review of
previous lesson
|
Greets the
learners to bring class to order.
Roll calls
Gives warm up
activity
Reviews
previous lesson
|
Respond and sit
down.
Respond
Listen.
|
|
10
minutes
|
2
|
Revision
of previous work
|
Asks
questions on the previous work covered.
|
Respond
to questions
|
|
15
Minutes
|
III
Lesson
development
|
Population
in East Africa
e.g.
(i)
Population census.
Why
carry out population census?
-No.
of people
-resource
allocation
-etc
(ii)
Birth rate:
Causes-
(iii)
Death rate Causes
-(iv)
growth rate Causes-
|
Helps
the learners to find out the detailed information about each
related term.
|
Listen
Answer
the questions
|
|
15
Minutes
|
IV
Lesson
development
|
Advantages
and disadvantages of
High,
low and sparse population
in
E.A.
HIGH
Advantage
|
Leads
discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of high and low
population.
|
Listen
and contribute to discussion
|
|
“
|
“
|
Leads
the class to the factors affecting population distribution in E.A.
e.g.
• Climate
• Soil
• Relief
• Drainage
• Economic
factors
• Historical
factors
• Transport
communication
-
Limited supply of labour force
-
Limited market etc
Steps
-
Low investment
-
Low infrastructure
development
|
Learners
state the factors affecting population distribution in East
Africa.
|
SAMPLE
QUESTIONS
1. The table below
shows population figures in Uganda between1990to 2001.
|
YEAR
|
POPULATION
|
|
1990
|
16,000
|
|
1992
|
16500
|
|
1994
|
17,000
|
|
1996
|
18,000
|
|
1998
|
19,000
|
|
2001
|
23,000
|
|
|
|
(a) Draw a line
graph to show the above information.
(b) Describe the
trend of population growth in the table.
(c) Explain the
causes for an increase to the population.
ANSWERS:
(a)
A LINE GRAPH SHOWING POPULATION IN UGANDA BETWEEN 1990 2001
(b) The population
of Uganda increased steadily from 16,000 in 1990 to 23,000 people in
2001.
(c) The causes of
population increase in an area;
- An increase in birth rate
- A decrease in the death rate
- A decrease in infant mortality rate
- Improvement in the health services
- An increase in the number of immigrants and refugees.
- Reduction in wars.
- A decrease in the number of immigrants.
SAMPLE QUESTION 2
(a) Draw a
sketch map of East Africa and on it mark and name three areas with:-
- High population density
- Low population density
(b) Explain the
factors which have led to:-
- High population density
- Low population density in the areas named in (a) (i) and (ii) above.
(c) Identify the
problems facing the people living in:
- Densely populated area
- Sparsely populated areas of East Africa.
(d) Outline the
steps being taken to solve the problem identified in (c) above.
ANSWERS:
2(a)
SKETCH MAP
(i) Areas with high
population density include:
- Shores of lake Victoria
- Kigezi highlands
- Kenya highlands
- Foot hills of Kilimanjaro
(ii)Areas with low
population density include:-
- Ankole- Masaka corridor
- North Eastern Uganda (Moroto, Kotido)
- Central Tanzania
- Rift valley region
- Northern Kenya
- Reserved regions (National parks, forests).
2(b) (i) The factors
which have led to high population density are:-
- Employment opportunities in towns like Kampala, Nairobi, Tororo.
- Mining activities e.g. at Shinyanga, Tororo ,Mwadui, Hoima.
- Heavy rainfall which attract farmers
- Gentle slopes which favour settlement
- Fertile soils suitable for agriculture
- Well drained soils
- Polygamy
- Early marriages
- Security
- Low incidence of pests & diseases
- Urbanization e.g. along the shores of Lake Victoria.
(iii) Factors which
have led to low population density include:
- Government policies that restrict settlement in gazetted areas like parks.
- Unreliable rainfall in North Eastern Uganda.
- Pests & Diseases e.g tse tse flies in central Tanzania
- Effects of slave trade e.g along E. African coast and central Tanzania
- Infertile soil that cannot support agriculture.
- Political instabilities.
- Remoteness due to poor transport & communication.
- Limited underground water e.g in Northern Kenya.
(c) (i) Problems
facing people living in densely populated areas:
- Shortage of land
- Easy spread of diseases due to congestion
- Soil erosion
- Land degradation due to over cultivation
- Decline in food / agricultural productivity
- High crime rate e.g robbery
- Strain on social services like hospitals, schools, roads , electricity
- Unemployment
- Encroachment on forests & wetlands
- Water & air pollution.
(iii) Problems
facing people living in sparsely populated areas of East Africa
- Limited supply of labour
- Limited market for the agricultural goods
- Limited social infrastructure like roads, schools, hospital
- Food shortage due to low agricultural productivity
- Pests and diseases e.g tse tse flies
- Cattle rustling amongst pastoralists.
- Land degradation due to over grazing.
(d) (i) Steps that
can be taken to solve the problems in densely populated areas are:-
- Land consolidation.
- Family planning control measures.
- Soil conservation measures like terraces, mulching practiced.
- Evacuation of people from densely populated areas to resettlement schemes.
- More social services like schools have been set up.
- The masses have been sensitised about the dangers of a big population.
- Strict laws have been set to control crime rates.
- Housing schemes have been set up in towns like Kampala, Nairobi.
(ii) Steps taken
to solve the problems in sparsely populated areas.
- Valley dams and boreholes have been constructed to provide water.
- Social services have been extended to sparsely populated areas.
- Some sparsely populated areas have been gazetted into game parks.
- Scientific methods of farming have been adopted e.g ranching
- Social services have been extended to sparsely populated areas such as education, health, recreation.
SAMPLE QUESTION 3
Study table and
answer the questions that follow:-
Table showing
population density in selected districts in Uganda
|
DISTRICTS
|
TOTAL
LAND
AREA
(KM)
|
POPULATION
(000)
|
POPULATION
DENSITY
|
|
Mbale
|
2504
|
706.6
|
……….
|
|
Kotido
|
13,208
|
190.7
|
140.0
|
|
Kabale
|
1653
|
412.8
|
250.0
|
|
Rakai
|
3889
|
382.2
|
98.0
|
|
Gulu
|
11,560
|
338.7
|
……….
|
(a) (i) Calculate
the population density:
- Mbale
- Gulu
(ii) Which
district has the highest population density?
(iii) Which
district has the lowest population density?
(b) State the
factors responsible for the difference in population densitities of
Kabale and Rakai district.
(c) (i) Giving
examples from East Africa, give the effects of high population
density on the environment.
(ii) State three
measures to ease the environmental problems in areas of high
population density.
ANSWERS
2 a) (i) –
Mbale = 282.1 per km2
(ii) – Gulu
= 293.0 per Km2
(ii) District with
highest population density is Kabale district
(iii) District with
lowest population density is Kotido district.
b) Factors
responsible for the differences in population density between Kabale
and Rakai districts.
- Kabale has more social services like hospitals and schools than Rakai.
- Kabale has more fertile soils (volcanic) for agriculture than in Rakai.
- There are more employment opportunities in Kabale than in Rakai.
- Kabale has a high birth rate than Rakai.
- Kabale receives more rainfall than Rakai which favours agriculture.
- Aids have reduced the population of Rakai compared to Kabale.
c) (i) The effects
of high population density on the environment include;
- Deforestation e.g. at Kabale and Mabira forest.
- Swamp reclamation e.g. Nakawa, Bwaise and Nalukolongo in Kampala.
- Development of slums e.g. Kisenyi in Kampala.
- Over use of soil leading to land degradation e.g. in Kabale
- Pollution of water bodies and air industrial smoke
- Congestion leading to spread of diseases like cholera
ii) Measures taken
to solve the above environmental problems include:
- Eviction of encroachers from forest and wetland areas.
- Public awareness campaigns
- Population control methods i.e. family planning
- Establishment of resettlement schemes.
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